Mongolia is a unique travel destination where you can experience untamed nature, nomadic culture, and ancient history all in one journey. However, due to its extreme climate, vast geography, limited infrastructure, and cultural differences, travelers must be well-prepared to ensure a safe, comfortable, and unforgettable adventure.
Here are 10 essential areas every traveler should understand before visiting Mongolia.
1. Weather & Seasons — Understanding Mongolia’s Unpredictable Climate
Mongolia’s climate is one of the most extreme in the world, with a continental climate that often feels like you’ve lived through four seasons in one day. Expect large fluctuations in temperature, wind, and sudden changes in weather.
Summer (June–August):
- The best season for travel.
- Average temperatures: +20°C to +30°C during the day, around +10°C at night.
- The countryside is green, nomads settle in summer camps, and most festivals take place during this time.
Winter (November–February):
- Extremely cold, but ideal for unique winter experiences, such as the Ice Festival or reindeer herder visits.
- Temperatures can drop to -15°C to -35°C.
- Warm clothing is essential, especially outside urban areas.
Spring & Autumn (March–May, September–October):
- Windy and unpredictable. Spring often brings dust storms, especially in the Gobi Desert.
- Autumn is calm and beautiful, with golden landscapes and fewer tourists.
Tips:
- Check the forecast on Weather.com or other trusted apps before your trip.
- Pack in layers to adapt to sudden weather changes.
- Carry sunglasses, a scarf, and a dust mask for windy days.
2. What to Pack — Travel Essentials for Mongolia
Once you leave the cities in Mongolia, amenities become limited. Whether you’re exploring the steppe, the mountains, or the Gobi, you need to be well-prepared with the right gear.
Clothing:
- Summer: breathable shirts, light sweaters, a windbreaker, hat, and sunglasses.
- Winter: thermal layers, insulated jacket, gloves, wool socks, scarf, and waterproof boots.
- Nights can be cold even in summer — consider bringing a sleeping bag or travel blanket.
Footwear:
- Sturdy, waterproof hiking boots are ideal for rural travel.
- Streets in Ulaanbaatar may become muddy after rain — avoid wearing only sneakers.
Health & Hygiene:
- Sunscreen (SPF 30+), insect repellent, wet wipes, and toilet paper.
- A small first-aid kit with painkillers, stomach medication, allergy pills, and bandages.
- Hand sanitizer is crucial, especially during countryside trips.
Other Essentials:
- Flashlight or headlamp, extra power bank (electricity may be unavailable in rural areas).
- Refillable water bottle — staying hydrated is critical.
- Photocopy of your passport and travel insurance documents
3. Visa & Entry Requirements — How to Enter Mongolia
Mongolia has eased visa regulations in recent years to encourage tourism. However, entry rules vary depending on your nationality.
Visa-Free Countries (up to 30 days):
- Examples include Japan, Germany, Turkey, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, and Indonesia.
- Check the official list on the Mongolian Ministry of Foreign Affairs website for the latest updates.
If a Visa is Required:
- Apply at a Mongolian embassy or through the official eVisa portal (https://evisa.mn).
- You’ll need to provide travel purpose, hotel confirmation, and a return flight ticket.
Additional Requirements:
- Your passport must be valid for at least 6 months beyond your travel dates.
- Travel insurance is strongly recommended — medical care can be costly for foreigners.
- Bringing more than $10,000 USD in cash must be declared at customs.
4. Transportation — How to Get Around Mongolia
Mongolia has one of the lowest population densities in the world. Transportation is limited, but with proper planning, travel is entirely feasible.
In Ulaanbaatar:
- UB Cab, ABA Taxi, InDriver apps are available and reliable.
- Avoid unofficial taxis.
- Public buses are extremely cheap (500 MNT or ~$0.15), but can be confusing for visitors.
Intercity Transport:
- Trains connect Ulaanbaatar with cities like Sukhbaatar and Zamiin-Uud.
- Buses depart from Dragon Bus Terminal, with reasonable prices (~$10–$30).
- Car rentals are available from Avis, Sixt, etc., with or without a driver.
- Due to road conditions, a car with a driver is highly recommended.
Remote Destinations:
- Internet and road signs are rare in rural areas, and gas stations are sparse.
- Best option: book a tour with a local travel agency or guide.
- Entry to national parks and nature reserves may require permits or tickets in advance.
5. Internet & Connectivity — Stay Connected in Mongolia
Mongolia has surprisingly good mobile internet coverage (4G/LTE), especially in cities and towns. However, coverage in the countryside varies by provider.
Major Mobile Operators:
- Unitel – Widest rural coverage.
- Mobicom – Strong and reliable signal in cities.
- Skytel – Affordable data packages.
Tourist SIM Cards:
- Unitel Tourist SIM: 10GB of data, valid for 7 days, costs around 15,000 MNT (~$4.50).
- Available at the airport, Unitel branches, or tourist information centers.
Tips:
- Consider bringing a portable Wi-Fi router if traveling with a group.
- Download Google Translate, Google Maps, Maps.me (for offline navigation) before your trip.
- Always carry a power bank for your phone, especially in off-grid areas.
6. Money & Payments — How to Manage Your Finances in Mongolia
The official currency of Mongolia is the Tugrik (MNT). Both cash and card payments are accepted, especially in Ulaanbaatar. However, in rural areas, cash is often essential — so it’s best to plan accordingly.
Currency Exchange
- Use official banks or currency exchange offices. Banks usually offer the most reliable rates.
- Recommended banks: Khan Bank, Golomt Bank, Trade and Development Bank (TDB), XacBank.
- Currency exchange counters are available in tourist areas (e.g., Chinggis Khaan International Airport, Sukhbaatar Square, Zaisan).
- Avoid black market currency exchange — it is illegal and unsafe.
Card Usage
- Visa and MasterCard are widely accepted in most hotels, restaurants, and shops in Ulaanbaatar.
- In the countryside, card terminals are rare — carry enough local cash.
- Some cards like UnionPay and JCB may not be accepted, so carry a widely accepted international card.
ATMs
- ATMs are widely available in Ulaanbaatar.
- You can typically withdraw 200,000 to 500,000 MNT per transaction (a small transaction fee may apply).
- Check with your bank before traveling to ensure international ATM use is enabled.
Pro Tips:
- Locals prefer clean and crisp banknotes.
- As of 2025, 1 USD ≈ 3,400–3,500 MNT (subject to change).
- Use larger bills for significant purchases; small, worn notes are better for minor expenses.
7. Food & Cuisine — What to Expect and Watch For
Mongolian cuisine is hearty and meat-heavy, designed to suit the country’s cold climate. In urban areas, international and vegetarian options are increasingly available.
Traditional Dishes:
- Buuz – Steamed dumplings with meat (national staple).
- Khuushuur – Deep-fried meat pies.
- Tsuivan – Stir-fried noodles with meat and vegetables.
- Khorkhog – Meat and vegetables cooked with hot stones.
- Banshtai Tsai – Salty milk tea with meat dumplings.
For Vegetarians & Vegans:
- In Ulaanbaatar, restaurants like Luna Blanca, Green Zone, Loving Hut offer plant-based meals.
- In rural areas, options are limited — bring snacks, protein bars, or personal supplies.
- Mongolian food often includes meat and dairy, so communicate dietary needs clearly.
Water Safety:
- Tap water in hotels is generally safe, but bottled water is recommended, especially for sensitive stomachs.
- In rural areas, check the cleanliness of local dairy products (milk, yogurt) before consuming.
- Trusted bottled water brands: Vitafit, Taifun, Tavan Bogd.
Dining Etiquette:
- Mongolians traditionally eat with their hands, but forks and spoons are available in restaurants.
- Offering food is a gesture of respect — decline politely if needed.
- Sharing dishes is common and seen as a sign of camaraderie.
8. Culture & Customs — Respect and Awareness
Mongolia blends ancient nomadic traditions with modern urban lifestyles. Understanding local etiquette helps build mutual respect and avoid misunderstandings.
Entering Homes:
- Remove your hat when entering a ger (traditional yurt) or home.
- Never step over the threshold or doorway.
- Don’t point your feet toward people or sacred objects while sitting.
Social Norms:
- Show respect to elders.
- Always use your right hand when shaking hands or giving something.
- Ask for permission before taking photos, especially of people, temples, or inside homes.
Giving Gifts:
- It’s polite to bring a small gift when visiting someone’s home.
- Give and receive gifts with both hands as a sign of respect.
Sacred Elements:
- Fire, milk, and water are considered sacred.
- Don’t throw trash or ashes into the fire or kick it.
- If you’re offered milk tea or fermented mare’s milk (airag), try to accept it graciously or decline gently.
9. Safety — Staying Smart During Your Trip
Mongolia is considered a relatively safe country, but basic precautions are still necessary, especially in unfamiliar environments.
In the City:
- Be wary of pickpockets in crowded areas and at night.
- Avoid unknown bars or excessive alcohol consumption in public places.
- Only use official taxis or ride-hailing apps (e.g., UB Cab, ABA Taxi).
In Rural Areas:
- Carry GPS, a paper map, or navigation tools in remote areas.
- Don’t wander far from your group or guide.
- Beware of guard dogs when approaching herder homes — always announce your presence first.
Emergency Contacts:
- Police: 102
- Ambulance: 103
- Fire: 101
It’s recommended to have travel insurance — medical care is available but may require upfront payment for foreign visitors.
10. Laws, Regulations & Special Considerations
Many travelers are unfamiliar with local laws, but ignorance is no excuse. Some actions may carry serious legal consequences in Mongolia.
Illegal Activities:
- Use or possession of drugs and narcotics is strictly prohibited.
- Do not remove or steal historical artifacts, fossils, or natural treasures.
- Public drunkenness and disturbances can result in fines or detention.
Religion & Traditions:
- At Buddhist temples, avoid loud noise, and don’t touch statues or offerings.
- Always ask before touching animals or taking photos of livestock.
- Exporting antique items may require a permit or tax.
Documentation:
- Keep your passport, visa, and travel insurance with you at all times.
- Avoid booking with unlicensed tour operators.
- If you overstay your visa, you may be fined or denied departure.
Final Thoughts
Mongolia offers breathtaking nature, rich history, and warm hospitality. However, being culturally aware, legally informed, and well-prepared is key to a safe and rewarding experience. Embrace the differences, respect the traditions — and your trip will be unforgettable.